(Pimpinella anisum), annual herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae), cultivated chiefly for its fruits, called aniseed, the flavor of which resembles that of licorice. . Its small, yellowish white flowers form loose umbels. The fruit, or seed, is nearly ovoid in shape, about 3.5 mm (0.12 inch) long, and has five longitudinal dorsal ridges. Anise seed has a sweet, licorice-like flavor and is a slow-growing annual herb of the parsley family.
Caraway Seed (Carum carvi ) is actually the fruit of a biennial herb in the parsley family, known as Carum carvi. The seed is about 1/5inch long and tapered at the ends. The hard seed shells have five pale ridges. Caraway Seed is a common flavoring for many kinds of rye bread.
Coriander, (Coriandrum sativum), featheryannual plantof the parsley family (Apiaceae), parts of which are used as both anherb and a spice. Native to the Mediterranean andMiddle Eastregions, theplantis widelycultivatedin many places worldwide for its culinary uses. Itsdry fruits and seeds, which are also known as coriander, are used to flavour many foods, particularlysausages,curries, Scandinavian pastries,liqueurs, and confectionery, such as English comfits. Its delicate young leaves, known as cilantro, are widely used in Latin American, Indian, and Chinese dishes.
Coriandrum Sativum), the plant produces a slender, hollow stem one to two-and-a-half inches high, with bipinnate leaves and small flowers in pink or whitish umbels. The fruits, or seeds, are two semiglobular fruits joined on the inner side, giving the appearance of a single, smooth, nearly globular fruit. They are yellowish brown and have a mild, fragrant aroma and a taste similar to a combination of lemon peel and sage.
Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) is truly an incredible herb. It is enjoyed for its rich and spicy, mildly peppery flavor with a trace of mint and clove. Basil is an annual herb belonging to the mint family, Lamiaceae (Labiatae) and like others in this family, basil can be identified by its square, hairy stems. There are over 40 known varieties of basil of which Ocimum basilicum or Sweet Basil is the most commonly known and grown. Ocimum is from a Greek verb that means “to be fragrant.” The foliage is easily bruised; just brushing against its foliage releases its wonderfully spicy fragrance. Varieties can grow to a height of 2 1/2 feet and are about as wide. Foliage colours range from pale to deep green, vivid purple and even purple laced with goldish yellow foliage. Texture varies from silky and shiny to dull and crinkly. Flowers appear in summer as whorls on the ends of branches and are either white or lavender. Some of the unusual fragrances and flavors include: cinnamon, lemon and anise. Basil is native to India and Asia having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. It is grown there as a perennial in those warm, tropical climates.
Also known as pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), calendula is a versatile herb native to the Mediterranean region. Europeans have grown this flowering plant in their gardens since the 1100s, actively using it through the centuries as a food and healing agent. A member of the aster family, calendula should not be confused with the common garden marigold (Tagetes species), which also sports bright orange and yellow flowers. It’s the colourful blossoming tops that are used medicinally.
Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) is one of the oldest favourites amongst garden herbs and its reputation as a medicinal plant shows little signs of abatement. The Egyptians reverenced it for its virtues, and from their belief in its power to cure ague, dedicated it to their gods. No plant was better known to the country folk of old, it having been grown for centuries in English gardens for its use as a common domestic medicine to such an extent that the old herbals agree that ‘it is but lost time and labour to describe it.
Dill, (Anthum Graveolens), is native to the Mediterranean area and southern Russia. Dill is a hardy annual, and sometimes is grown as a biennial. Dill is commonly used as a seasoning for soups, fish, and pickles. Its aromatic leaves, seeds, flowers, and stems can also be used to flavour cabbage, vinegars, butter, apple pie, cakes, and bread. Dill should be direct-seeded in spring about 10 inches apart. Since dill has long tap roots, it should not be transplanted. Fresh leaves should be harvested before flowering begins. Harvest seeds as soon as seed heads are brown and dry.
Hibiscus is a genus offlowering plantsin themallowfamily,Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprisingseveral hundred speciesthat arenativeto warmtemperate,subtropicalandtropicalregions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as “hibiscus”, or less widely known as rose mallow. Other names include hardy hibiscus, rose of Sharon, and tropical hibiscus.
The name (Origanum) is derived from two Greek words, oros (mountain) and ganos (joy), in allusion to the gay appearance these plants give to the hillsides on which they grow. Similar to tarragon (botanically not related), it is a spice which on one hand needs a warm climate to develop its specific aroma, but on the other hand loses some fragrance when dried. Despite these deficiencies, it is a well-established culinary herb in Central Europe.
Dried marjoram is extremely important in industrial food processing and is much used, together with thyme, in spice mixtures for the production of sausages; in Germany, where a great variety of sausages is produced, it is thus called Wurstkraut sausage herb. Furthermore, application of marjoram to boiled or fried liver is somewhat classical. Marjoram may be effectively combined with bay leaves; furthermore, it goes well with small amounts of black pepper or juniper. Combinations of the last type are well suited to ragouts, particularly venison.
Parsley (Petroselinum Crispum), is grown exclusively for its green leaves, or tops. The curled-leaf and Italian flat-leaf types are the most popular. Field seeding begins in early April and ends in May.
Parsley is a bright green, biennial herb that is very common in Middle Eastern, European, and American cooking. It is used for its leaf in much the same way as coriander (which is also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro), although it has a milder flavor.
Two forms of parsley are used as herbs: curly leaf and Italian or flat leaf. Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish. Many people think flat leaf parsley has a stronger flavor, and this opinion is backed by chemical analysis which finds much higher levels of essential oil in the flat-leaved cultivars. One of the compounds of the essential oil is apiol. Another type of parsley is grown as a root vegetable.
Parsley is valued as a breath-freshener, due to its high concentration of chlorophyll. Adam Blackman, a nutritionist, claims parsley enhances mental alertness, and affects the immune system.
(Mentha piperita), The plant is found throughout Europe, in moist situations, along stream banks and in waste lands, and is not unfrequented
In damp places in England, but is not a common native plant, and probably is often an escape from cultivation. In America it is probably even more common as an escape than Spearmint, having long been known and grown in gardens. Of the members of the mint family under cultivation the most important are the several varieties of the Peppermint, extensively cultivated for years as the source of the well-known volatile oil of Peppermint.
Spearmint (Menthes viridis) this common garden mint is not a native of these islands, though growing freely in every garden, but is originally a native of the Mediterranean region, and was introduced into Britain by the Romans, being largely cultivated not only by them, but also by the other Mediterranean nations. It has, in fact, been so universally esteemed, that it is to be found wild in nearly all the countries to which civilization has extended, and in America for 200 years it has been known as an escape from gardens, growing in moist soils and proving sometimes troublesome as a weed.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is an herb with a distinct smell. The flowers, leaves, and oil are commonly used to flavor foods and are also used as medicine. Thyme contains chemicals that might help bacterial and fungal infections. It also might help relieve coughing and have antioxidant effects.
(Anethum foeniculum), Fennel Seed is the oval, green or yellowish brown dried fruit of Foeniculum vulgare, a member of the parsley family. The Romans called this native Mediterranean plant foeniculum, meaning fragrant hay. It thus has a similar name to fenugreek, but the two are quite different.
Meloukhia (Corchorus Oliotorus ) A tall leafy herb, whose leaves are used as a potherb, spinach or as a salad. The leaves are lanceolate and serrate and are used fresh and dried. In Egypt and the Middle East mostly used in soups, in India as a spinach substitute and in the Caribbean as a salad. Sometimes used as a source of jute, but c.capsularis is the more important source of fibre.
